One of the factors that can be the link between our intentions and actions and their external consequences is human agency, which indicates the conscious design and intentional execution of actions by the individual in order to influence future events.Objective and Method: This research with a developmental approach of psychometric method and method 1, examines the psychometric indices of the Human Factor Characteristics Scale using the classical theory of test score measurement and the graduated question-answer theory. The purpose of this study, which included high school students in Tehran, was selected by cluster sampling of 500 people as a sample size and statistical analysis was performed on 481 data. To collect the data, the ion Human Agent Characteristics Scale (2011) was used and the research questions were evaluated using IRTPRO and SPSS software.Results:The assumption of local independence based on Pearson x2 index was established by applying Simjima's calibrated question-answer theory and the assumption of being one-dimensional based on the analysis of multidimensional question-answer theory. Diagnosis parameters with question-answer approach and classical approach Test score Both item 25 approach had the lowest and item 2 had the highest diagnosis parameter. The answer thresholds for all the questions were so far apart that no option was covered by the other option, and the options were independently selected by individuals at intervals of theta. The total scale was calculated with Cronbach's alpha of 0.945, intentionality of 0.894, foresight of 0.780, self-reactivity of 0.871 and rethinking of 0.762. Also, the role of each item in internal consistency was investigated by the loop method, which all questions had a favorable role in internal consistency of this scale. The value of the validity coefficient obtained from the question-answer theory was obtained by marginal method for intentionality 0.92, forethought 0.85, self-reaction 0.91, rethinking 0.83..

In a participatory economic model for regional air pollution, an important point is how to rationally and fairly allocate costs and benefits to participants. Based on this principle, much and extensive research has been conducted on topics such as the distribution of benefits by using cooperative game theory. In this study, the effect of air pollution limitation on Iran’s employment of manufacturing firms has been investigated. Based on the minimum costs-remaining savings (MCRS) method, the total benefits of manufacturing Firms and the level of employment of them with 10 labor and more in the interactive econometrics model are more than the case of reducing pollution alone. Vice versa, the cost of reducing carbon dioxide emission in the interactive econometric model is lower than in the case of pollution reduction alone. The results show that the presented interactive econometrics model is superior to the current separate control model in terms of increasing employment and economies of expense for the same level of pollution control. Therefore, the current results can provide an important reference to support the regional decision-making, in addition to promoting cooperation and achieving win-win outcome for the participants.

Each year a great number of nascent entrepreneurs embark on startups, but a few of them manage to create a sustainable enterprise. They often cease efforts when they confront obstacles. This study makes a great attempt to deal with the barriers in the way of the nascent entrepreneurs who are taking courses to acquire entrepreneurial knowledge and business skills in Tehran. The findings indicate that limitation s such as cultural and attitudinal (mean: 3.7), educational (mean: 3.66), supports and infrastructural (mean: 3.64), operating business environment (mean: 3.38), legal and administrative (mean: 3.41) and financial (mean: 3.42) respectively are the key impediment to business startups. However, personal reservations (mean: 3.08) will not be classified as big problems. The critical point here is that nascent entrepreneurs endowed with stronger entrepreneurial characteristics, tend more to start up businesses notwithstanding their perception of such problems. In reality, the adjusting role of the "entrepreneurial personality traits" in proportion to the impact of barriers on tendency towards starting up new businesses is the major scientific achievement of the present research.

This article introduces, analyzes, and criticizes the work of Lawrence M. Hinman, Ethics: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory. Hinman is a Philosopher of Ethics in the multimedia learning. He believes that multiculturalism is important factor of nowadays so the most important responsibility of philosophers of Ethics is prevention of moral conflict. The global communication and information in 21st century needs global tolerance and respect of various nations, cultures, and moralities together because different people and societies have a common human nature and common natural rights that obligate to justice and moral relationship between different people and various societies’ beliefs throughout the world. Moral communication in multiculturalism approach is against racial, gender, national, and ethnic prejudice. Hinman believes in moral dialogue and global learning across different cultures. The book of Ethics: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory has a proper category of new ethical problems, and the candid standpoint of author is considerable. He has a logical method, and in the end of every part of book there are some questions for evaluation of students learning. So this book is proper for the philosophy of ethics in universities.